Preparation of Molecular Imprinted Polymers

ABSTRACT

One aspect is a method for improved preparation of molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) particles, where initial compositions comprising insoluble MIP particles are enriched for those MIP particles that bind a particular target molecule, thus excluding non-binding and weakly binding particles from the final composition. Enrichment is typically accomplished via use of chromatographic methods capable of separating particulate material or by means of agglutination. Another aspect is preparation of improved insoluble MIPs by use of extended micronization of raw MIP particles with a view to expose a large number of binding sites per mass unit of MIP particles. In preferred embodiments the two aspects are combined. The resulting improved MIPs may be used for diagnostic, analytical and therapeutic purposes, notably as orally administered drugs which can bind substances such as cholesterol and bile acids and bile acid salts in the gastrointestinal tract.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to improvements in the preparation ofmolecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) and in particular the presentinvention relates to methods that increase the binding capacity andspecificity of MIPs so as to render feasible their use as capture agentsin pharmaceutical preparations, notably those pharmaceuticalpreparations that bind target molecules in the gastrointestinal tracte.g. cholesterol and bile acids and bile acid salts. Furthermore thisimprovement of the preparation of MIPs serves as a means ofcharacterisation of the said MIPs.

BACKGROUND

Molecular imprinting of synthetic polymers is a process where functionaland cross-linking monomers are copolymerized in the presence of a targetmolecule, which acts as a molecular template. Before polymerization, thefunctional monomers either form a complex with the template vianon-covalent interactions, or are covalently coupled forming apolymerizable derivative of the template. After polymerization, thefunctional groups of the monomers are held in position by the highlycross-linked polymeric structure. Subsequent removal of the template bysolvent extraction and/or chemical cleavage reveals binding sites thatare complementary in size and shape to the target molecule. In this way,a molecular memory is introduced in the polymer (now termed a “molecularimprinted polymer” or “MIP”), which is now capable of rebinding thetarget with very high specificity.

Originally, MIPs were employed as stationary phases in HPLC, notably forchiral separation. Subsequently, their use has been extended to otheranalytical techniques such as thin layer chromatography, capillaryelectrophoresis, solid-phase extraction, and immunoassay type bindingassays. The binding sites often have affinities and selectivitiesapproaching those of antibody-antigen systems. These mimics display someclear advantages over real antibodies for sensor technology. Because oftheir highly cross-linked nature, MIPs are intrinsically stable androbust, facilitating their application in extreme environments, such asin the presence of acids, bases, or metal ions, in organic solvents, orat high temperatures and pressures. Moreover, MIPs are cheap to produceand can be stored in a dry state at room temperature for long periods oftime.

Hence, in principle all MIPs are made in the following way: Monomers andtarget (or template) molecules are mixed, self assembly occurs, crossbinder is added and polymerization can be initiated. Afterpolymerization the polymer is broken down into small fractions and thetarget molecule is extracted. If the MIPs are put into a solution oftarget molecules these will rebind to the MIPs (cf. also: Yu Cong; LeifSchweitz; and loana Wärnmark-Surugiu).

The general technological steps in preparation of MIPs are illustratedschematically in FIG. 1.

History of MIPs

One of the first examples of MIP preparation was described as early asin 1949 (Dickey) who used a kind of silica (water glass) for selectiverecognition of dyes. Much later other kinds of self-organizing systemsto build up networks wherein it was possible to bind targets/analytesspecifically were described (Ramström et al., Schweitz et al., andVlatakis et al.)

Choice of Monomers and Polymerization

In the 1970s and 1980s (cf. Shea 1986, Shea 1990 and Wulff 1987) theconcept of covalently binding the template/target molecule directly tothe polymer used for building the scaffold was described. The claim wasthat the direct binding would lead to a more homogeneous distribution ofbinding sites throughout the polymer. However, at the same time thisleaves the problem of removing the template after the polymerization. Inorder to remove the template both a micronization of the polymer and achemical bond breaking is needed.

Preparing MIPs without tethering the template to one of the monomersused during polymerization often results in good MIPs but the experiencein literature is that a lot of the binding sites will contain bindingsites that tend to bind the template/analyte in less specific parts ofthe molecule and hence not giving the desired specificity of theresulting MIPs. This is very important for MIPs used for analyticalpurposes especially if the object is to separate stereoisomeric forms ofmolecules, whereas this is less important in the case where the mainobjective is to enhance the total binding capacity of the resultingMIPs.

In certain analytical situations it has been proven that the templatehas to be of a different identity i.e. instead of using the actualtemplate the produced MIPs are build over template “mimics” in order notto pollute the sample to be analyzed. It is obvious that finding atemplate mimic that is capable of ensuring a specific binding betweenthe analyte and MIP is a difficult task.

A completely different method of preparing MIPs is by polymerizing themixture while the monomer, cross binders and template (or templatemimics) are kept in particulate format in an emulsion hence leaving theresultant MIP as a particle directly (Funke et al.). The particle sizeof MIP made with this process will depend on, amongst other things, themonomer concentration and the stirring rate (determining the dropletsize in the emulsion). (In order to get particle sizes down to 1 μm oneneeds to stir the solution at more than 1000 rpm). According toliterature the disadvantages with this type of processes are longpreparation times and low yields.

In general the prior art often describes the difficulties of preparingreproducible MIPs where both the capacity and the specificity is notcompromised (hence lower than desired). To date, the art has notdisclosed a reliable and feasible method of preparing MIP compositionswith high binding capacity (Sellergren 1998).

Obtaining a Useful Particle Size

When a bulk forming polymerizing process is used to prepare MIPs, thehigh degree of cross binding calls for a micronization of the polymer tovery small particle sizes before the extraction of the templatemolecules can be accomplished. Methods for micronization are used invery different industrial areas ranging from the cement industry(creating mm size particles) to small ball mills for thick film pastepreparation (μm particle size particles) for electrical circuits.Despite the fact that the micronization process is a crucial part of theMIP functionality (both specificity and capacity) the actual method ofchoice is not described in details in most MIP literature, whereas it isonly mentioned that the bulk polymer obtained is grinded and sieved(particle size sorted) before extraction of the template from the MIPs.

Removal of Template

In most literature the removal of the template molecules is notintensively described despite the fact that this process is crucial forthe functionality of the resulting MIP. Most often the process is onlymentioned as a non-specified washing procedure using one or morespecifically named solvents. Especially if the MIP is developed for usein Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), e.g. as a tool for pre-concentration ofanalytes, even residual amounts of template will disturb the usabilityof the MIPs. The sorting of MIP from the matrix used for removal oftemplate is often accomplished by filtration or centrifugation.

Known Efforts to Improve MIPs

U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,863 describes “A non-swellable three-dimensionalpolymer having a component which is a residue of an optically activecompound, which residue is chemically removable from said polymer toleave behind in the physical structure of said polymer a voidcorresponding to the size and shape of said residue of optically activecompound, and a particular steric arrangement of functional groupswithin the void of said polymer corresponding to the chemical structureof said residue of optically active compound . . . ” the opticallyactive compound” being the template that the MIP intentionally should beable to bind subsequently.

In U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,833 “A method of producing synthetic enzymes orsynthetic antibodies, comprising the orientation of monomers around aprint molecule, addition of crosslinkers, polymerizing to a polymer andsubsequent removal of the print molecule, thereby creating a cavity inthe polymer corresponding to said print molecule” is claimed to increasespecificity of the MIP towards the template molecule. In other words,the performance improvement claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,833 is basedon optimizing the contact between the template molecule and monomerunits prior to polymerization.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,804, introduction of porosity in the MIP isdescribed as a means to increase to performance of a MIP by increasingthe access to the void that is intended to interact with the template.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,498 specifically selected monomers are claimedfor generation of bile acid specific MIP's and in US 2004/0157209 A1, itis suggested to immobilize the template molecule on a support materialprior to polymerization. All of the suggestions to improve theperformance of MIPs deal with the chemical characteristics of themonomers or the architecture of the MIPs, which are all process stepsthat take place prior or during the preparation of the MIP.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,110 discloses MIPs, which are produced in situ toform small polymers/oligomers, which include a structure complementaryto a template molecule. The polymers or oligomers form a coating orimage around the biomolecule, which coating or image is removedtherefrom, and discrete entities are derived therefrom, which may beused, e.g., as therapeutic or prophylactic agents, i.e. drugs. Due tothis type of production process, U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,110 does notutilise a micronization step as in conventional MIP particlepreparation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,110 does suggest separation of MIPsfrom non-binders, but the methods suggested all rely on the very smallsize of the MIPs produced e.g., via chromatography but only when theMIPs are soluble entities. It is e.g. specifically indicated thattherapeutically active MIPs according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,110 arethose which exhibit molecular weights in the lower end of the 1-200 kDarange. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,110 does not disclose any means forseparating suspended insoluble MIPs into “good binders” on the one handand “less effective or non-binders” on the other.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide improved methods ofpreparing MIPs so as to provide MIP compositions having a sufficientlyhigh binding capacity so as to allow such compositions to be used inpharmaceutical applications as an alternative to soluble receptors andantibodies. It is also an object to provide MIP compositions havingimproved properties over prior art MIP compositions.

SUMMARY

In spite of the above-discussed attempts to improve existing technologyfor preparation of MIPs, there has today not been any successfulattempts of preparing MIP compositions which may be used clinically as afeasible alternative to e.g. antibodies and soluble receptors in methodsof treatment, where clearance from the body of a particular targetmolecule is relevant as part of the therapy.

The present inventors ascribe this to the fact that even thoughindividual MIPs may have a very high affinity for a given ligand, acomposition of e.g. micronized/grinded MIPs exhibit a large variety ofbinding affinities towards the ligand, thus rendering the overallbinding capacity unsatisfactory and unsuitable for e.g. clinical use—or,phrased in more simple terms, the binding capacity of known MIPcompositions for the target ligand is typically too low to render MIPs afeasible alternative to soluble receptors and antibodies in therapy.

The present inventors have also focussed on the fact that there has beenlittle if any research in influence of MIP particle size on the overallbinding capacity of a MIP composition.

The present inventors thus teach to further improve the performance ofMIPs by sorting MIP particles after their ability to bind to thetemplate or a template analogue, thereby effecting an up-concentrationof effectively target binding MIPs. By such a functional sorting orpurification process, a fraction of MIP particles that present a void orcavity with suitable binding ability to the selected template or ananalogue, can be generated and hence improve the average affinitybetween the MIP and the template and thereby the binding capacity of theMIP.

Also, the present inventors have realized that the performance of MIPcompositions can be improved simply by improving the micronization stepswhich have been used to date, thus resulting in MIP particles of smalleraverage size, whereby they exhibit an improved ratio between bindingsites and volume.

Hence, in a first aspect the present invention relates to a method ofpreparing a composition comprising molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs)having high binding capacity and specificity for a target molecule, saidmethod comprising

a) obtaining a suspension of insoluble MIPs, which bind the targetmolecule, and which have been prepared using the target molecule or amimic thereof as template molecule,

b) subjecting the suspended MIPs to an affinity purification procedure,wherein the template molecule or a fragment thereof or a mimic thereofis used as capture agent,

c) recovering the MIPs that bind the capture agent in the affinitypurification procedure while substantially excluding the capture agentand MIPs that do not bind the capture agent from the recovered product,and

d) combining the MIPs recovered and optionally a carrier, vehicle ordiluent to obtain said composition.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides for a method ofpreparing MIPs having high binding capacity for a target molecule, saidmethod comprising subjecting a raw MIP, which comprises templatemolecules consisting of said target molecule or a mimic thereof, to afirst step of micronization so as to obtain a MIP particle sizesufficiently small to allow removal of template molecules, removingsubstantially all template molecules and optionally subjecting the MIPsthus obtained to a second step of micronization, wherein said first andoptionally second steps of micronization provides for a MIP averagediameter of at most 50 μm.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides for a composition ofinsoluble MIPs having at least one of the following characteristics:

1) the average MIP diameter is less than 20 μm;

2) the average target binding is at least 1 mass unit of target to 10mass units of MIP;

3) substantially all MIPs in the composition bind the same targetmolecule, and optionally the composition does not include all bindingsites for the target molecule.

In a 4^(th) aspect, the present invention relates to use of acomposition of the invention in the preparation of a pharmaceuticalpreparation for the treatment, prophylaxis or amelioration ofcardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, gallstonedisease, cholestatic liver disease, hypercholesterolemia, obesity,infections originating from parasites or microorganisms such as bacteriaand fungi, or poisoning originating from orally given toxins.

Finally, in a 5^(th) aspect, the present invention relates to a methodfor treating, ameliorating or reducing the risk of a disease selectedfrom the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, hypertension,atherosclerosis, gallstone disease, cholestatic liver disease,hypercholesterolemia, obesity, infections originating from parasites ormicroorganisms e.g. bacteria and fungi, poisoning originating fromorally given toxins, comprising administering an effective amount of acomposition of the invention to a subject in need thereof.

DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Schematic depiction of a simple MIP preparation procedure.

FIG. 2: Simple run through of the inventive processes described herein.The processes can be revisited several times if needed.

FIG. 3, Part I:

Purification or sorting by Expanded Bed Absorption.

MIPs that bind the template, such as a cholesterol like molecule coupledto the bed particle, is retained while the MIPs that do not bind passesthrough and are discarded.

FIG. 3, Part II

Functionality purified MIPs.

MIPs binding to the template molecule on the bed particle, cansubsequently be eluted off. The eluted MIPs will have a higher specificbinding capacity than the crude collection of MIPs containing bothbinding and non-binding MIPs.

FIG. 4: MIP particles from example 4 in an overlay picture.

The overlay picture is composed of the two pictures taken with visiblewhite light and UV light, respectively. The white spots representparticles illuminated with white light and the black spots represent theUV illuminated green fluorescing particles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

In the following, a number of terms will be defined in order to ensure acorrect understanding of the metes and bounds of the present invention.

A “molecular imprinted polymer” (MIP) is a polymer comprising cavities(or voids) that at least in part correspond to one or more templatemolecules that have been incorporated in a monomer matrix includingcross-linking monomers prior to polymerization. The resulting polymerafter polymerization includes a number of cavities which correspond inshape to the template molecule. Typically the MIP is sequestered intosmall particles, thereby facilitating removal of template and leavingpartial cavities open for interaction with a target molecule whichresembles or is identical to the template molecule. In the presentspecification and claims, the term MIP generally refers to theparticulate form of a MIP, meaning that the terms “MIP” and “MIPs” areused interchangeably with the expressions MIP particle and MIPparticles, respectively.

It will be understood that the MIPs employed in the present inventionare insoluble molecules/entities. These MIPs are especially suitable aspharmaceutical for use in the gastrointestinal tract since theirinsolubility limits or prevents their passage into the body (e.g. intocirculation) from the gastrointestinal tract. In other words, whenadministered orally, the MIPs used in the present invention willsubstantially remain confined to the gastrointestinal tract until theyare disposed off in the feces.

A “raw MIP” is a MIP which has not yet been subjected to anymicronization and hence still incorporates template molecules or atleast debris derived from template molecules in the cavities in the MIPstructure.

“Micronization” denotes the process of sequestering MIPs which may stillcontain template into smaller particles. Any method suitable for thispurpose may be used.

A “target molecule” is in the present context any molecule to which aMIP can bind.

A “template molecule” is normally identical to the target molecule, butmay also be a mimic thereof (i.e. a molecule having at least in part anidentical 3D structure and profile which matches that of the targetmolecule—a mimic may for instance be constituted by a fragment of thetarget molecule). The template serves as the “generator” of the voids inthe MIP structure which subsequently are to be able to bind the targetmolecule.

“Affinity purification” denotes any method for purification of asubstance where specific binding between the substance and a bindingpartner is utilised. Many such methods utilise a capture agent bound toa solid support (such as a chromatographic matrix) which catches thesubstance. Typical examples known in the art are affinity purificationusing antibodies as capture agents coupled to chromatographic beads forpurifying antigens that bind the antibody. It will be understood thatthe affinity purification methods applied according to the presentinvention are those which are capable of capturing suspended insolubleMIP particles having the sizes discussed herein. Hence, a typicalaffinity purification method could be expanded bed adsorption (EBA)known to a person skilled in the art.

A “solid phase” is in the present context any material which may be usedto anchor a capture agent by means of covalent or non-covalent binding.Hence, any material (plastic polymers, sugars, metals, glass, silica,rubber etc) which is conventionally used in the preparation ofchromatographic materials may serve as the solid phase. The solid phasematerial may contain suitable functional groups which allow coupling ofthe capture agent to the material in question. Such derivatizedmaterials are known to the person of skill in the art of chromatographicpurification of proteins and other macromolecules. Further, the solidphase may have any physical form which allows for capture of relativelylarge and insoluble particles such as MIPs (when comparing with singlebiomolecules such as proteins). Hence, the solid phase may be in theform of fibers (preferably hollow), a chromatography matrix (preferablya matrix suitable for EBA), beads (preferably those that may beseparated by electromagnetic means) or any other suitable form, cf.below.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE PURIFICATION ASPECT ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION

As specified above, the present invention in its first aspect relates toa method of preparing a composition comprising molecular imprintedpolymers (MIPs) having high binding capacity and specificity for atarget molecule, said method comprising

a) obtaining a suspension of insoluble MIPs, which bind the targetmolecule, and which have been prepared using the target molecule or amimic thereof as template molecule,

b) subjecting the suspended MIPs to an affinity purification procedure,wherein the template molecule or a fragment thereof or a mimic thereofis used as capture agent,

c) recovering the MIPs that bind the capture agent in the affinitypurification procedure while substantially excluding the capture agentand MIPs that do not bind the capture agent from the recovered product,and

d) combining the MIPs recovered and optionally a carrier, vehicle ordiluent to obtain said composition (such carriers, vehicle and diluentsare typically selected amongst those that are pharmaceuticallyacceptable and known to the person skilled in preparation ofpharmaceutical compositions comprising solid small-size particles).

In other words, this aspect relies on up-concentration of MIPs thatexhibit a desired, sufficiently high affinity for the target molecule(or a surrogate thereof such as a relevant fragment of the targetmolecule), but this aspect also has the effect that non-bindingfragments of an original raw MIP are removed from the MIP composition—inits own right, this increases the binding capacity per mass unit of theMIP particle composition to a significant degree, cf. Example 4 andaccompanying FIG. 4. It is believed that the present inventors are thefirst to demonstrate that state of the art compositions of insolubleMIPs prepared by methods known in the art include a large fraction ofnon-binding particles, and that the binding capacity per mass unit ofany such composition can be improved dramatically by removing thenon-binders. It will therefore be understood that any preparation ofinsoluble MIPs may be subjected to the purification step b), so the1^(st) aspect of the invention may be combined with any known method forpreparing insoluble MIPs, notably those known methods which involvemeans for obtaining high capacity and/or high specificity MIPcompositions.

In the following, various embodiments of purification schemes designedfor MIP compositions will be discussed in detail.

A first group of purification schemes comprises that the capture agentis coupled covalently or non-covalently to a solid phase (such as achromatographic matrix)—i.e. this group of purification schemes i.a.includes typical chromatographic purification methods. Hence, anymaterial useful in chromatography and similar methods is useful, butpreferred solid phases are matrices of cross bound carbohydrates,synthetic polymers, metal particles, or combinations thereof.

A second and equally important group of purification schemes are those,wherein the capture agent consists of or is part of a soluble chemicalentity (allowing e.g. for purification by means of agglutination, cf.below). Preferred embodiments of this encompass those wherein thecapture agent is coupled covalently or non-covalently to a moietyselected from a dendrimer, a substituted carbohydrate, and a substitutedsoluble polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyethyleneglycol inorder to expose multiple capture agents per soluble chemical entity.

Irregardless of whether one or the other group of purification schemesis selected, some embodiments of the first aspect of the inventionencompass having the capture agent binding to only a fraction of bindingsites in the MIPs defined in step a) that are capable of binding thetemplate molecule. Put in more simple terms, this embodiment ensuresthat only MIPs having a desired binding specificity or binding affinityare retained in the purification process, whereas e.g. those MIPs havingnon-specific or weak binding sites are excluded in the purification.

One way to exclude non-specific binding sites in the purificationprocess entails using a capture agent in affinity purification, wheresaid capture agent is a fragment of the template molecule. By selectingthis approach, it is possible to omit, in the capture agent, parts ofthe template molecule which are capable of competing with othermolecules for the binding to the MIPs. This is especially practical incases where the target molecule includes putative cross-reacting bindingsites which could give rise to MIPs that would bind to irrelevanttargets. By way of example: If one for instance would like to prepare aMIP composition which binds luteinizing hormone, it would be relevant toexclude the α-subunit of this molecule in the template, because the αsubunits of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical.

An alternative to this approach is to utilise a setup, where the captureagent comprises the template molecule or mimic thereof or fragmentthereof bound to a solid surface or moiety, whichever applicable, in aspecific orientation so as to substantially avoid exposure to the MIPsof part of the capture agent—hence, by coupling the capture agent to itssolid support or moiety, at a selected functionality so that theorientation of the coupled capturing agent becomes substantially thesame on all its coupling partners, it is achieved that part of thecapture agent will not be accessible for binding to the MIPs and henceMIPs capable of binding to the non-accessible part of the capture agentwill be screened out of the overall purification procedure. The productof such a purification method will therefore be a composition of MIPparticles, where substantially all MIP particles in the composition binda particular target, but where at least one binding site of the targetis not bound by the MIP particles in the composition.

Alternatively, and in cases where there is no desire or appreciableadvantage or need to limit the binding between the capture agent and theMIPs, it is preferred that the purification method of the invention isone, wherein the capture agent comprises the template molecule or mimicthereof or fragment thereof bound to the solid surface or moiety(whichever applicable), in a non-specific orientation so thatsubstantially all parts of the capture agent are exposed to the MIPs.

In the cases where the capture agent is bound to a solid support, theaffinity purification procedure may be selected from any type ofsuitable purification technology which relies on coupling of captureagents to a solid surface. However, it is preferred that thepurification procedure is selected from the group consisting of expandedbed adsorption (EBA), paramagnetic bead separation, and hollow fiberpurification.

Expanded Bed Adsorption (EBA)

Conventional chromatographic methods using a packed bed in a column canusually not be used to isolate particulate material due to the tendencyof the particles to get non-specifically trapped within the static voidof the bed.

The main principle in EBA is to keep the chromatographic medium, alsotermed “the solid phase,” fluidized and thereby, as explained, allowparticles to pass through the column. The advantages of using the EBAtechnology has been described as the possibility of purifying solublematerial, in most cases a protein or a peptide, from a crude feed-stockor cell culture, without pre-column clearing steps such as filtrationand centrifugation before application of the raw material to the column(van Reis & Zapata; Lihme et al.). The idea is that insoluble orparticulate material such as cell debris and precipitates is washed awaysimultaneously with binding of the target molecules to the solid phaseof the bed. In this manner, time and expenses for these processes arereduced, thus rendering EBA a valuable technology which is economicallyrecommendable for the purification of a countless number of molecules.However, if the bed is expanded the increased volume of the static voidof the bed allows particulate material to pass through and thereby toget in proper contact with the solid phase of the bed and consequentlybind if required affinity between the particulate material in questionand the solid phase of the bed is achieved. In this case it has alsobeen shown that EBA can be used for selection of cells and otherparticulate material (Ujam et al.), in which monocytes from peripheralblood was isolated using a biotinylated anti-CD14 antibody mixed withthe crude blood cells and subsequently applied an EBA system where thebed particles had been supplied with streptavidin.

The present inventors have concluded that in a similar way thoseparticles prepared by the MIP technology can be sorted or purified byEBA, if the solid phase, or bed particles, of the EBA system expose achemical structure similar or identical to the template used to make thesaid MIP. As it may be important that the MIP particles are transportedwith the flow of the fluid part of the EBA system, while the bedparticles are kept at a relative constant expanded volume, bed particleswith relatively high density (>2 g/ml) will probably prove superior inorder to separate unbound MIP's from bed-bound MIP's in the fluidizationprocess. An example of such high density beads is given in Ujam et al.Also preferred are bed particles that are either non-porous or exhibitlimited porosity, cf. Chase infra. The template, such as cholesterol orbile acid, is coupled, preferably with an orientation(s) that ensuresmaximal exposure of the structurally and chemically characteristics ofthe template molecule, to the bed particles and the prepared MIPs with apreferred size from 0.2-50 μm (cf. below) is applied to the fluidizedbed and after suitable reaction time, preferably with recirculation ofthe fluid phase including unbound MIPs, unbound MIPs are washed awaye.g. by enhancing the flow velocity or simply by applying clean washingbuffer to the EBA system and lead the flow trough to waste. The boundMIPs can be released from the bed particles by applying solubletemplate, by heat, increased ionic strength or by applying a physicalstress to the bed. It should also be possible to utilise bed particlesthat are either non-porous or exhibit limited porosity as previouslydiscussed (cf. Chase).

As an alternative to expanding or fluidize the bed by a flow-through,the bed could be expanded by mechanical stirring, end-over-end mixing,shaking, ultrasound, and other convection/mass transport increasingmethods. Separation of MIP particles bound to bed particles couldsubsequently be done by suitable fluidization of the bed via aflow-through phase. Alternatively, bound and un-bound MIPs could beseparated by differences in density, size, shape, optical properties, bycentrifugation, sedimentation, filtration, capture or other means thatseparate after size and/or weight, density, shape, colour, lightemission, light scattering, extension coefficient.

So, as described in the prior art of purification, particles can besorted or purified by means of EBA, and according to the presentinvention this can advantageously be applied to particles prepared byMIP technology if the solid phase, or bed particles, of the EBA systemexpose a chemical structure similar to the template used to make thesaid MIP.

Separation by Binding to Magnetic Particles

Dynal (Invitrogen) and other companies have developed technologies usingparamagnetic beads primarily for purification of soluble molecules,typically proteins, peptide or DNA, but isolation of cells andorganelles by specific binding e.g. to an antibody immobilized on theparamagnetic bead has also been presented. The larger beads M450 (450μm) are recommended for isolation of such particulate material as cells.After the paramagnetic beads carrying the capture molecule, normally anantibody specific for a membrane protein on the cell, and the target,e.g. a cell or other particulate material, have been in contact for anappropriate length of time, the paramagnetic particles now having boundthe cell via the antibody are fixed by applying a magnetic field to thesamples container. Unbound cells can be washed away when theparamagnetic beads are fixed and when the magnetic field is removed theparamagnetic particles will be released. These beads are commerciallyavailable, e.g. from Dynal with different kinds of activation such astosyl, epoxy, carboxy and amine that can be used to couple the antibodyor another capture molecule, such as a template molecule from a MIPsynthesis.

By coupling templates such as cholesterol or bile acids to such magneticparticle template reactive MIPs will bind to the particle and can beseparated from weaker template binding or non binding MIPs by applying amagnetic field in the same way as cells carrying a specific membraneprotein can be isolated.

Separation by Agglutination

Agglutination is a phenomenon that occurs if molecules and particles orcells establish multivalent interactions with formation of networks withchanged solubility or suspension properties, having as consequence thatthe networks can be detected e.g. by change in optical properties ormicroscopically. Agglutination is primarily used for diagnostic purposesin rapid point-of care tests. The soluble element that promotes thecross-linking e.g. between erythrocytes is often di- or multivalentantibodies (Pla et al.), lectins or an antigen specific for theapplication (Rogers et al.).

Soluble molecules exposing multiple template or template analoguemolecules, such as dendrimeric structures supplied with e.g. cholesterolor bile acids, can be applied to a collection of MIPs that are keptfluidized or in suspension by e.g. mechanical stirring, end-over-endmixing, shaking, ultrasound, a fluid phase flow, etc. The templatereactive MIPs will interact with the template molecules exposed e.g. onthe dendrimer, and preferably form a network, where the templateexposing dendrimeric structure will act as cross-linking agent.

Un-linked MIP particles are separated from the MIP particles integratedin the agglutinate or network by the apparent differences in density,size, shape, optical properties, by centrifugation, sedimentation,filtration, flow-cytometry, capture or other means that separates aftersize and/or weight, density, shape, color, light emission, lightscattering, extension coefficient. Subsequently, the template reactiveMIP particles are extracted as single particles by applying stress tothe agglutinate or network as heat, organic solvent, shaking, or byapplying soluble template in excess.

Embodiments Relating to Micronization of MIPs

In a previous attempt from the prior art to prepare a cholesterolspecific MIP, the capacity was limited to 17 mg cholesterol pr g MIP,however, an un-imprinted MIP prepared the same way bound 13 mgcholesterol pr. g MIP (Sellergren 1998). Another attempt obtainscapacity even lower, less than 1 mg cholesterol pr. g MIP (Whitcombe1995).

The present inventors see these prior art problems in obtainingsatisfactory binding capacities as a consequence of not enriching foreffective binders in the MIP particle compositions.

The simplest model for the template binding capacity on a MIP is a purearea consideration. The area occupied by the template (e.g. cholesterol)as a function of the MIP particle surface area can be used as a guide todetermine the demands for particles size and binding efficacy (thepercentage of MIP surface area covered by single templates).

Theoretical Considerations:

The following calculated example shown in the results below will be withthe template cholesterol on a spherical polymer particle. Cholesterol isassumed to have a molecular diameter of 16 Å (1.6 nm).

The area A covered by a Target (cholesterol) can be considered a circle.That area is given by

A _(T) =π×r _(T) ² (r_(T) is the molecular radius of the target)

The area of a sphere (the MIP particle) is given by:

A _(MIP) =π×d _(MIP) ² (d_(MIP) is the diameter of the MIP sphere)

In order to evaluate how much MIP (in mass) is needed to bind asufficient amount of cholesterol the density of the polymer used isneeded. The chosen density will also be subject to certain limits.

The binding capacity of the MIP is the mass of target (m_(T)) that canbe bound by a given mass of MIP (m_(MIP)):

$\frac{m_{T}}{m_{MIP}} = {\frac{n_{T} \cdot M_{W}^{T}}{V_{Part} \cdot \rho_{MIP}} = \frac{{\frac{A_{MIP}}{A_{T}} \cdot C}\; {A \cdot M_{w}^{T}}}{V_{MIP} \cdot \rho_{MIP}}}$

CA denotes the Covered Area on the MIP surface by the target.

This can be further reduced to:

$\frac{m_{T}}{m_{MIP}} = \frac{{M_{w}^{T} \cdot C}\; A}{N_{A} \cdot r_{T}^{2} \cdot \pi \cdot r_{MIP} \cdot \rho_{MIP}}$

-   -   which in mathematic terms provides the intuitively expected        results:

Smaller target size provides larger capacity

Smaller MIP particle provides larger capacity

Smaller MIP density provides larger capacity

Description of the Surface of a MIP Particle with Reference to theBinding Attributes Between the Individual Particles

The theoretical number of template molecules in a MIP particle as afunction of size of particle can be calculated, if the assumption ismade that the added template molecules, typically 50 mM, are evenlydistributed in the total volume prior to polymerisation. The number oftemplate molecules, and thus the number of possible binding sites in agiven volume, e.g. a pulverised particle, can be described by a standarddistribution with a given standard deviation. Theoretically this willnot influence the variation of particles in that the standard deviationbetween two sites on a particle s_(x) is given by:

$s_{x}^{2} = \frac{\sum( {{\Delta \; r} - {\Delta \; \overset{\_}{r}}} )^{2}}{n - 1}$

where Δr is the actual distance between two sites and Δr is the givenmiddle distance between two binding sites, determined by thedistribution of template molecules in the particle. n represents thenumber of binding sites on each particle. As both Δr− Δr and n decreasewith decreasing particle size, s_(x) is not altered by micronisation ofparticles. Only when the particle is minuscule, smaller than 10⁻⁸ m (cf.Table 1), so that there is an average of less than 1 template moleculeper particle, will there be a big dissimilarity in the particles. Inpractice, this dissimilarity will presumably “spread” “upwards” to alsoinclude particles bigger than 10⁻⁸ m, but will diminish with increasingparticulate size, and in the case of larger particles with many bindingsites, become insignificant.

On the other hand, the orientation of the template molecules will giverise to dissimilarity. If the template molecule's longitudinal directionis orientated perpendicularly on the particle, it has in principle onlytwo directions of orientation, in that we assume that it will not givecause to different binding sites, even if the template molecule in theperpendicular position rotates round its own longitudinal axis. However,if the template molecule's longitudinal direction is orientated inparallel with the particle surface, it could give rise to infinitelymore differing binding sites when the template molecule rotates aboutits own longitudinal axis. In other words, the number of degrees offreedom (possible positions which the template molecule can occupy) inthis situation are infinite and each new orientation, as a result ofrotation about the longitudinal axis, will in principle create a bindingsite which is dissimilar to all others. All in all, this means that theorientation of the template molecule gives rise to an infinite number ofdiffering binding sites.

These binding sites can be characterised by their binding constant, Kd,to the template molecule. Some orientations will, even though theydiffer, clearly give occasion to binding sites with the same Kd, butthere will also be binding sites of very different Kd, as will becomeclear from the following.

Results and Evaluation

Table 1 shows:

Calculations of the theoretical number of template molecules in aspherical shell of a thickness of 0.9 nm as function of size of theparticle.

Calculation of the total number of binding sites that can be expected tobe found

Calculation of the expected number of high affinity binding sites

The numbers in the two end columns are calculated based on publishedobservations (Kempe and Mosbach 1991, Ramström et al 1994, 1996 I and1996 II, Liu, Mosbach 1997 and 1998, Andersson et al 1995). Thethickness of the spherical shell is selected as a radius of the dynamicvolume that a molecule with a length of 1.8 nm, e.g. cholesterol(Davidson and Hayes, 2002), is assumed to have. Typically MIPs contain20 μmol binding sites per gram MIPs (Kempe and Mosbach 1991, Ramström etal 1994 and 1996 I, Liu and Mosbach 1997 and 1998), but the variation inbinding constants (Kd) is very large, from 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁹ M, which is inagreement with the above mentioned assumptions; the share ofhigh-affinity binding sites typically represents less than 1% of thetotal number of binding sites (Ramström et al 1996 II, Andersson et al1995). For example, Ramström et al 1996 II, who describe MIPs againstdiffering corticosteroids (e.g. molecules which show a structuralsimilarity to cholesterol) that the share of high-affinity binding sites(<10⁻⁶ M) are respectively 0.075% and 0.28%. In the calculation forTable 1, the number of high-affinity binding sites is assumed to be0.5%. In the articles referred to here, the particle size is typically25 μm. This size is relatively easily attained by treatment of thepolymer in a manual mortar.

TABLE 1 Description of number of binding sites in a thin spherical shellas function of particle size. Number of Number of template Number ofexpected Particle molecules in 0.9 nm expected high affinity diameterspherical shell binding sites in binding sites in (m) with 50 nMtemplate spherical shell spherical shell 1.0E−04 847,784,740 373,025,2851,865,126 1.0E−05 8,476,474 3,729,649 18,648 5.0E−06 2,118,737 932,2444,661 1.0E−06 84 627 37,236 186 5.0E−07 21,119 9,292 46 1.0E−07 833 3662 1.0E−08 7 3 0

In practice, the maximum number of binding sites which can be achievedwith a 10 μm particle, is found to be 3.7 million (Table 1). If a 10 μmparticle is pulverised to 1 μm particles, each new 1 μm particle willhave 37,000 binding sites, that is, 1% of the original 10 μm particle.In principle the binding sites from the 10 μm particle is thusdistributed on 100 new 1 μm particles. As there are a great number ofpossible differing binding sites, there must be variations in the newlyproduced 1 μm particles, as they each only contain 1% of the‘dissimilar’ binding sites which were present on the 10 μm particle. Thesame result is achieved if only the fraction of binding sites which arehigh affinity, that is, 0.5% of the total number, are used. However, asthe number of binding sites then becomes smaller, the effect (describedin section 1) which results in very few binding sites, will presumablefurther contribute to the dissimilarity between the individualparticles.

The limit for when a ‘hole’ in the particle is defined as a binding siteis debatable, but binding sites with Kd greater than 10⁻⁵ M hardly hasany relevance in use for therapeutic applications. The monoclonalantibodies, which are approved as pharmaceuticals on the USA market haveKd-values of less than 10⁻⁷ M (Carter 2006).

Distribution of template molecules in the particles (given theassociated standard deviation) will furthermore depend on parameterssuch as the temperature of the mixture during the polymerisation,viscosity, size of template molecule, interaction with solvent and othermonomers, but these parameters are not universal in the same manner asthe assessment used here to describe position and orientation. Use ofthese process parameters will in our opinion be of relevance inpromoting the dissimilarities between pulverised particles.

In the above discussion, the number of degrees of freedom refersexclusively to the position of the individual template molecule; thenumber of degrees of freedom which are linked to the orientation of thetemplate molecule presumably reflects directly on the distribution oflow and high affinity binding sites. As we plan to produce particlecompositions of high specificity and capacity, we will use a suitablyhigh stringency in the separation so that it will primarily be the highaffinity binding sites that that are sorted and selected. When thenumber of relevant, that is, high affinity binding sites reach a size sothat this parameter (the number) also contribute decisively to thedissimilarity is hard to say, but a reasonable estimate is probably atabout 1 μm.

There are methods of producing very hard particles with channels whichare sufficiently wide so that fluid can flow through them, without beinglimited to diffusion rate, if it is desired to expose more binding sitesthan is immediate available on the outer surface of the particle. Thismethod is exploited in chromatographic systems (e.g. supplied by AppliedBiosystem) known as Poros™ matrices, where it is possible to run a fastflow without this affecting the resolution, because the flow of fluidthrough the particles is the same as that of the fluid surrounding theparticles. In more traditional matrices for chromatography (i.e. notHPLC) the flow is limited to the diffusion speed into the individualmatrix particle.

If it is desired to exploit the intestinal tract's peristalsis toincrease contact with cholesterol or bile acid binding MIPs, particleswith channels could be an advantage. If a gel is used, the ‘exchange’ ofintestinal fluid would possibly be limited to diffusion rate into thegel. MIPs gels, primarily for the purpose of drug release systems (e.g.release of insulin) which act by the gel opening when the glucose bindsto a specific site, have been produced. This evidences that it isactually also possible to produce MIPs with a gel structure. (Wizemanand Kofinas 2001, Seong et al 2002).

Practical Implementation of the Micronization Aspect

Hence, and as apparent from the above, the second aspect of theinvention entails a method for preparing MIPs having high bindingcapacity and specificity for a target molecule, said method comprisingsubjecting a raw MIP (i.e. a polymerized cross-linked MIP where nosubstantial extraction of template or micronization of MIP structure hasyet been performed), which comprises template molecules consisting ofsaid target molecule or a mimic thereof, to a first step ofmicronization so as to obtain a MIP particle size sufficiently small toallow removal/extraction of template molecules, removing/extractinsubstantially all template molecules and optionally subjecting the MIPsthus obtained to a second step of micronization, wherein said first andoptionally second steps of micronization provides for a MIP averagediameter of at most 25 μm. Hence, by utilising this approach, MIPs areobtained which have a superior ratio between volume and exposed bindingsites. It is normally sufficient (and simplest) to utilise only thefirst micronization step, in order to obtain the desired small MIPparticle size, because this will allow for removal of templatemolecules, but situations can be imagined where separation of templatefrom MIPs is facilitated by having two micronization steps separated bya template removal step.

It is preferred that the MIP average diameter after micronizationstep(s) is less than 20 μm such as less than 15 μm, less than 10 μm,less than 5 μm, less than 1 μm, less than 900 nm, less than 800 nm, lessthan 700 nm, less than 600 nm, and even less than 500 nm, 400 nm, 300nm, and 200 nm.

At any rate, it is preferred that the MIPs in a given composition aftermicronization do not substantially include particles of more than 50 μmin diameter (such as more than 40, 30, 20, 10, or 1 μm in diameter).

The micronization may be obtained by means of any suitable method forminimizing the size of MIPs, i.e. methods such as grinding, milling,explosion, hammering, ball milling, cryo grinding, and collisionhomogenisation, as well as any combination of such methods.

It will be apparent from the above, that one very important embodimentof the present invention entails a combination of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd)aspects of the invention, i.e. a first preparation of MIPs which entailsthe micronization to small MIP particle size according to the inventionfollowed by the affinity purification schemes detailed under thediscussion of the first aspect of the invention.

In most cases MIPs have been used for analytical purposes inchromatographic systems or as protein substitutes in sensors. The sizeof the MIP particle in such applications is normally in the range offrom 25 to 100 μm. These MIP sizes are, as detailed above, far too largeto obtain the desired binding capacity when aiming for a MIP compositionfor e.g. oral use, and further these large MIPs cannot beselected/purified by means of the traditional cell purification methods.

In order to obtain suitable capacity, the size of the MIP particle ishence critical. The simplest way of increasing the capacity of a givenmass of MIP is, according to the above, by increasing the area to volumeratio i.e. rendering the MIP particles smaller and/or by enhancing the“active” area (the area of the MIP that is capable of binding thedesired analyte). The area to volume ratio increases as the reciprocaldiameter i.e. half the diameter doubles the area to volume ratio. Thismeans that one can obtain a 64 fold increase in binding capacity bydecreasing the particle diameter from 25 μm to 0.4 μm per mass unit ofMIP.

TABLE 2 Increase in area to volume ratio as a function of the particlediameter. Particle diameter (μm) Index 25.0 1 12.5 2 6.3 4 3.1 8 1.6 160.8 32 0.4 64 0.2 128 The increase is indexed to the particle diameterof 25 μm.

It is according to the invention contemplated that MIPs with a diameterin the 0.5 μm range can be further optimized with respect to capacity(area binding fraction) by a functional selection/purification in an EBAsystem using template coupled bed particles, cf. the above discussion ofthe first aspect of the present invention. Such MIP particles are in thesame size range as cells that are known to be isolated by surfacecharacteristics in EBA systems. In order to reach the desired smallparticle size it is necessary to grind/mill with multiple methods due tothe different methods being optimal suited for different size intervals,cf. below.

In order to get from the bulk polymer to the desired particle size therewill often be a need for using more than one grinding method. Thereexists no technology today that is universally capable of milling allpolymers from mm size to sub-μm size.

Downsizing by intercalating water swellable materials compatible withthe polymer and using a wetting and a freeze method (e.g. Cryo-Grind™technology) can very efficiently break the polymer to smaller particlesof ˜200 μm. In order to ease this process, porous structures in thepolymer can be made by adding fibres (e.g. cellulose, cellulose acetate)into the polymer.

Using high template concentrations can create small polymer domains thatcan provide both high binding capacity and also a structurally weakpolymer that can be downsized easily.

Further downsizing to sub-μm particles can be made by employingNano-milling/Grinding (e.g. NETZSCH bead mills), a top down process thatcan grind particles from 20 μm down to 40 to 200 nm size. (These typesof particles are often used in pharmaceutical products).

Downsizing by accelerating the MIPs with the help from an air jet,liquid jet or similar and letting this high velocity stream of MIPs andcarrier hit a solid target using the collision force to break down theMIPs into smaller particle sizes would also be a possible way ofdownsizing the MIPs.

Finally, as shown in the examples use of physical grinding of MIPs, e.g.in a simple mortar, has proven effective for a number of MIPs.

Further Considerations Pertaining to the Invention

Choice of Polymers for MIP

In order to get good adhesion between two substances the wetting tensionmust be low i.e. no repulsive force must work against the adsorption ofthe ligand onto the polymer surface. In order to choose the rightmaterials for MIPs, the Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) (cf. HansenCM) will be taken into account when the monomers for a suitable polymershould be chosen.

In the case of cholesterol, the HSP is determined for the compound andby studying tables of polymers it can be found that very hydrophobicpolymers will be a good choice for preparing MIPs capable of bindingcholesterol. The HSP for cholesterol is (δD, δP, δH, R)=(20.4; 2.8; 9.4;12.6) and the listing of polymers for MIP that overlaps with the HSPsphere for cholesterol is High density Polyethylene (HDPE)>PolyVinylChloride (PVC)>Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)>Polypropylene (PP)>Teflon(PTFE)>Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)>Polystyrene (PS)>PolyButylMethacrylate(PBMA)>Polycarbonate (PC)>Polystyrene-polymetacrylic acid(PS/PMAA-co-polymer)>Polyethylene terephtalate (PETP)>Polyurethane(PUR)>PolyStyrenAcrylonitril (SAN)>Polymethylmetacrylate(PMMA)>Polyamide e.g. Nylon 66>Polyvinlydiflurid (PVDF)>Polyvinylalcohol(PVA). Not all of these polymers will be easily polymerized togetherwith a cross binder and the template but the above list is neverthelessa convenient starting point for selection of the monomers and crossbinders that will provide the best suited polymer. Also co-polymers,block-polymers and co-block-polymers (etc.) can be made in order tomatch the HSP for any given target ligand.

Extraction of Template

Removal of template from MIPs must be done after the downsizing processand before the purification step. If cooling during the downsizingprocess is required, solvents that dissolve the template well will be anexcellent choice as cooling medium.

The removal of template can be obtained by the use of solvents andsolvent mixtures either alone or in combination with heat, increased ordecreased ion strength. One common used method is the soxhlet extractionmethod where the MIP is washed with freshly distilled solvent (orazeotropes if mixtures are used) in a semi continuous fashion. If theresultant (and cross bound) MIP is thermo stable (and the templatemolecule is not), a pyrogenic procedure before extraction can be appliedto destroy the template and hence render it easier to remove, e.g. bythe use of solvents not commonly used to dissolve the template.

General Findings of the Preparation Aspects of the Invention

The present inventors have realised that in order to prepare a MIP withhigh capacity, a carefully selected combination of MIP preparation,micronization, removal of template and selection of the usable MIPsshould be used, with a particular focus on the microniztation andselection technologies.

Hence, if one combines the traditional methods for MIP preparation andpurification with selection and purification methods known from thecellular and/or protein work field, superior results are contemplated.

An example could be: From the MIP technology “Selection of monomers”,Micronization, extraction and sieving will be combined with a functionalpurification such as EBA. By sorting the MIP particles according totheir ability to bind to a functionalized matrix/surface of the expandedbed, the traditional “up stream” MIP production is complemented with“down stream” selection and purification steps.

The very simplest run through of the combined processes described abovecan be seen in FIG. 2.

Typical examples of useful target molecules (or template molecules) forthe MIP compositions of the invention are those found in thegastrointestinal tract, such as in the human gastrointestinal tract.Especially preferred target molecules are those which are pathologyrelated. Especially preferred target molecules are selected cholesterolor a bile acid or a bile acid salt, but also toxic substances, toxins(including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic toxins) as well asantigens and receptors found on pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungiand parasites are interesting targets/templates for the MIP compositionsprepared according to the invention.

Compositions and Pharmaceutical Uses According to the Invention

It is believed that at least some of the MIP compositions obtained bymeans of the present invention are novel compositions of matter. Hence,the invention also relates to a composition of MIPs having at least oneof the following characteristics:

1) the average MIP diameter is less than 20 μm;

2) the average target binding is at least 1 mass unit of target to 10mass units of MIP;

3) substantially all MIPs in the composition bind the same targetmolecule, but the composition does not include all binding sites for thetarget molecule.

It is preferred that 1, 2 or 3 of these characteristics are fulfilled bya composition of the invention, meaning that the composition may havecharacteristic 1 alone, characteristic 1 and one of characteristics 2 or2, characteristic 2 alone, characteristic 2 and 3, characteristic 3alone, or all 3 characteristics 1, 2, and 3.

It is preferred that the average MIP diameter is less than 15 μm, suchas less than 10 μm, less than 5 μm, less than 1 μm, less than 900 nm,less than 800 nm, less than 700 nm, less than 600 nm, and even less than500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, and 200 nm.

At any rate, it is preferred that the MIPs in a given composition of theinvention do not substantially include particles of more than 50 μm indiameter (such as more than 40, 30, 20, 10, or 1 μm in diameter).

Preferred compositions of the invention bind any one of the targetmolecules described above, i.e. the “typical examples of useful targetmolecules” referred to above.

The compositions of the invention (and the compositions preparedaccording to the methods of the invention) are useful as pharmaceuticalsand may be utilised in much the same way as one would utilise antibodycompositions. However, due to their stability, the MIP compositions aresuitable for oral administration where they, unlike antibodies and manysoluble proteinaceous receptors, are stable towards proteolyticdegradation in the small intestine. Further, due to the fact that theMIPs may be prepared from materials that are incapable of traversing thegastrointestinal epithelium, they are useful for targeting pathologyrelated molecules/agents which are confined to the gastrointestinaltract. Suitable targets are cholesterol, bile acid and bile acid salts,but also various toxic substances or antigens/ligands found on pathogensin the gastrointestinal tract are possibilities.

However, if the MIPs are prepared from a suitable, biocompatible and/orbiodegradable polymer (e.g. Polylactide (PLA), Polyglycolide (PLG)), themay also be employed as parenteral pharmaceuticals, where the danger ofraising an undesired immune response against the pharmaceutical agent isreduced when compared to the administration of e.g. antibodies andsoluble receptors. In such embodiments, virtually any target moleculewhich is a suitable target for an antibody or a soluble receptor couldbe the target for a MIP composition of the invention.

Hence, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to amethod for treating, ameliorating or reducing the risk of a diseaseselected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease,hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart, gallstone disease, cholestaticliver disease, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, infections originatingfrom parasites, virus or microorganisms e.g. bacteria and fungi,toxification originating from orally received toxins, comprisingadministering an effective amount of a composition of the invention or acomposition prepared according to the invention to a subject in needthereof. This embodiment of the invention also pertains to the use ofsuch compositions in the preparation of a pharmaceutical preparation forthe treatment, prophylaxis or amelioration of cardiovascular disease,hypertension, atherosclerosis, gallstone disease, cholestatic liverdisease, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, infections originating fromparasites, virus or microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, ortoxification originating from orally given toxins. Typically, oraladministration is contemplated.

The expected daily dosage of a MIP composition of the invention orprepared according to the invention is at most 40 g per day, but due tothe high target capacity of the MIP compositions, smaller daily dosagesare contemplated, such as the most 30 g per day, 20 g per day, 10 g perday, 5 g per day, and 1 g per day.

The MIPs may be formulated according to standard methods known to theperson skilled in the art, especially formulated for oral use, where itis expected that MIPs will be administered in the form of powders,emulsions, encapsulated emulsions, pills and tablets, but also asingredients in foodstuffs, where the MIPs can appear disperged invirtually any food or foodstuff.

For formulation of MIPs in such compositions, general reference is madeto Mark Gibson, CRC press, 2001, which is hereby incorporated byreference.

Of course, MIP compositions according to the invention and preparedaccording to the invention may be used in all types of applicationswhere MIPs have been suggested as specific binding partners in the priorart. So, even though the present invention focuses on medical uses ofMIP compositions of the invention, this does not exclude the use of thepresently disclosed MIP compositions in analytical devices and methodsknown per se. Hence, the present invention also includes within itsscope a method for the quantitative or qualitative determination of atarget molecule in a sample, the method comprising contacting the samplewith a composition of the invention or prepared according to theinvention, wherein MIPs in the composition specifically bind the targetmolecule, and subsequently performing a quantitative or qualitativeassessment of target molecule binding said composition. In this context,the disclosures referred to above, which relate to the generalpreparation and use of MIPs are all incorporated herein by reference.

Preamble to the Examples

General Method of Making Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Preparation of MIPs follows the general reaction method of mixing thefunctional monomer with the print molecule and the cross-linking monomerin a suitable solvent. The choice of monomer is made according to itsability to coordinate the print molecule and is routine for the personskilled in the art. The polymerization is started by adding an initiatorin a suitable concentration followed by perturbation with e.g. UV light(for UV initiators) or heat (for heat cleavable initiators).

After polymerization the (often) rigid and crisp polymer is micronizedto desired size and the print molecules, unbound monomers andcrosslinkers and initiator leftovers are removed by extraction, eitherby direct wash and/or with the help of refluxing the solvent for a givenperiod of time.

Example 1 MIP with Fluorescein as Template

In a 100 mL flask 1.4 ml of the monomer methacrylic acid (MAA), 9.5 mlethyleneglycoldimethacrylic acid (EGDMA), 50 mg fluorescein and 10 mltetrahydrofuran (THF) is mixed on a hot water bath (approx. 40° C.) for30 min. 2 g of 1,1-azobis(cyclohexane-carbonitrile) (ACHCN) is addedslowly. After dissolution the solution is purged with Ar (THF sat'd) for15 min. The polymerization is initiated by continuous UV light (365 nm,9W) for 48 hours. The resulting polymer is yellowish crisp and ismicronized in a manual mortar to particle sizes between 10 μm and 25 μm.The powder is refluxed in THF for 30 min and washed and filtered severaltimes in ethanol/THF (75:25). The white powder is left to air dry.

Example 2 MIP with Cholic Acid as Template

In a 100 mL flask 1.4 ml of the monomer methacrylic acid (MAA) 9.5 mlethyleneglycoldimethacrylic acid (EGDMA), 2 g of cholic acid and 12 mLtetrahydrofuran (THF) is mixed on a hot water bath for 30 min. 0.2 g of2,2′-azobisisobutyronirtile/2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) isadded slowly. After dissolution the solution is purged with Ar for 15min. The polymerization is initiated by continuous UV light (365 nm, 9W)for 24 hours on an ice bath. The resulting polymer is yellowish, hardand is micronized in a manual mortar to particle sizes between 25 μm and50 μm. The powder is refluxed in THF for 30 min (once) and washed andfiltered four times in ethanol/THF (75:25). The off-white powder is leftto air dry over night.

Example 3 MIP with Cholic Acid as Template

In a 100 ml flask 2.8 ml of the monomer2-(dimethylamino)-ethylmethacrylic acid (DMA-EMAA) 9.5 mlethyleneglycoldimethacrylic acid (EGDMA), 2 g of cholic acid and 12 mltetrahydrofuran (THF) is mixed on a hot water bath for 30 min. 0.8 g of2,2′-azobisisobutyronirtile/2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) isadded slowly. After dissolution the solution is purged with Ar for 15min. The polymerization is initiated by continuous UV light (365 nm, 9W)for 24 hours on an ice bath. The resulting polymer is off-white, crispand is micronized in a manual mortar to particle sizes between 10 μm and25 μm. The powder is refluxed twice in THF for 30-60 min and washed andfiltered three times in ethanol/THF (75:25). The white powder is left toair dry over night.

Example 4 Binding Capacity of Individual MIP Particles

In order to assess the differences in binding capacity/specificitybetween the MIP particles in the powder a binding experiment was set upin its simplest form. The MIP's from Example 1 were tested for bindingability towards fluorescein.

1.9 mg of MIP towards fluorescein were suspended in 380 μl ethanol(96%), supplemented with 5 μl of fluorescein solution (0.05 mg/μl inethanol) and mixed for 5 min. The suspension was centrifuged and thesupernatant was removed. The particles were then washed three times with300 μl of ethanol. The washed particles were spread onto a microscopeglass plate and the capacity analysis was done by visually counting theparticles in white light (all particles) and the particles showing greenfluorescence (binding MIP particles) when exposed to UV light (365 nm).Due to the use of UV light no emission filters were necessary in orderto see the green fluorescence.

The pictures shown in FIG. 4 is an overlay picture of the two picturestaken with white light and UV light. The white spots are particlesilluminated with white light and the black spots are the UV illuminatedgreen fluorescing particles. From FIG. 4 it is evident that theparticles illuminated with white light (white spots) are outnumberingthe green fluorescing particles visible when exposed to UV light (blackspots). The difference in number of particles visible under the twodifferent light sources demonstrates that the micronization of a MIPresults in the provision of a population of binding MIP particles and apopulation of non-binding MIP particles (=debris); hence a selection ofthe binding MIP particles based on affinity properties will effectivelyincrease the binding capacity measured as ability to bind the usedtemplate per weight unit of MIP employed.

The picture shown is not capable of illustrate our observation that thegreen fluorescing particles exhibit different degrees (intensity) ofgreen fluorescence not correlated to the particle size. This observationcorresponds to differences in binding ability between different bindingMIP particles. This intensity (fluorescence) difference againillustrates that the MIP particles do have different binding ability;hence the capacity of the MIP can be increased by selecting the MIPparticles with the (in this example) highest fluorescence intensity.

To conclude on this, the present example demonstrates that the bindingcapacity of a composition of MIP particles can be increased by removingnon binding particles. The binding capacity can be further improved byenriching for MIP particles having high affinity and/or multiple exposedbinding pockets which bind the target molecule.

LIST OF REFERENCES

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1-28. (canceled)
 29. A method of preparing a composition comprisingmolecular imprinted polymers having high binding capacity andspecificity for a target molecule, said method comprising: a) obtaininga suspension of insoluble molecular imprinted polymers, which bind thetarget molecule, and which have been prepared using the target moleculeor a mimic thereof as template molecule, b) subjecting the suspendedmolecular imprinted polymers to an affinity purification procedure,wherein the template molecule or a fragment thereof or a mimic thereofis used as capture agent, c) recovering the molecular imprinted polymersthat bind the capture agent in the affinity purification procedure whilesubstantially excluding the capture agent and molecular imprintedpolymers that do not bind the capture agent from the recovered product,and d) combining the molecular imprinted polymers recovered andoptionally a carrier, vehicle or diluent to obtain said composition. 30.The method according to claim 29, wherein the capture agent is coupledcovalently or non-covalently to a solid phase.
 31. The method accordingto claim 30, wherein the solid phase is selected from the groupconsisting of matrices of cross bound carbohydrates, synthetic polymersand combinations thereof.
 32. The method according to claim 29, whereinthe capture agent consists of or is part of a soluble chemical entity.33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the capture agent iscoupled covalently or non-covalently to a moiety selected from adendrimer, a substituted carbohydrate, and a substituted soluble polymerin order to expose multiple capture agents per soluble chemical entity.34. The method according to claim 33 wherein the substituted solublepolymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol and polyethyleneglycol.
 35. Themethod according to claim 29, wherein the capture agent only binds to afraction of binding sites in the molecular imprinted polymers of step a)that bind the template molecule.
 36. The method according to claim 29,wherein the capture agent is a fragment of the template molecule. 37.The method according claim 29, wherein the capture agent comprises thetemplate molecule or mimic thereof or fragment thereof bound to thesolid surface or moiety, in a specific orientation so as tosubstantially avoid exposure to the molecular imprinted polymers of partof the capture agent.
 38. The method according to claim 29, wherein thecapture agent comprises the template molecule or mimic thereof orfragment thereof bound to the solid surface or moiety, in a non-specificorientation so that substantially all parts of the capture agent areexposed to the molecular imprinted polymers.
 39. The method according toclaim 29, wherein the affinity purification procedure is selected fromthe group consisting of expanded bed adsorption (EBA), paramagnetic beadseparation, hollow fiber purification, and agglutination.
 40. The methodaccording to claim 29, wherein the target molecule is a molecule foundin the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the human gastrointestinaltract.
 41. The method according to claim 29, wherein the target moleculeis selected from cholesterol, a bile acid, and a bile acid salt.
 42. Amethod of preparing molecular imprinted polymers having high bindingcapacity for a target molecule, said method comprising: a) subjecting araw molecular imprinted polymer, which comprises template moleculesconsisting of said target molecule or a mimic thereof, to a first stepof micronization so as to obtain a molecular imprinted polymer particlesize sufficiently small to allow removal of template molecules; b)removing substantially all template molecules and optionally subjectingthe molecular imprinted polymers thus obtained to a second step ofmicronization, wherein said first and optionally second steps ofmicronization provides for a molecular imprinted polymer averagediameter of at most 50 μm; and c) subjecting the molecular imprintedpolymers thus obtained to the method according to claim
 29. 43. Themethod according to claim 42, wherein said first and optionally secondsteps of micronization is obtained by means of grinding, milling,explosion, hammering, ball milling, cryo grinding, or collisionhomogenisation.
 44. The method according to claim 42, wherein only thefirst step of micronization is performed.
 45. The method according toclaim 44, wherein said first step of micronization is obtained by meansof grinding, milling, explosion, hammering, ball milling, cryo grinding,or collision homogenisation.
 46. The method according to claim 42,wherein the target molecule is a molecule found in the gastrointestinaltract, such as in the human gastrointestinal tract.
 47. The methodaccording to claim 42, wherein the target molecule is pathology related.48. The method according to claim 42, wherein the target molecule isselected from cholesterol, a bile acid, and a bile acid salt.
 49. Acomposition of insoluble molecular imprinted polymers whereinsubstantially all molecular imprinted polymers in the composition bindthe same target molecule and, optionally, the composition does notinclude all binding sites for the target molecule.
 50. The compositionaccording to claim 49, wherein the insoluble molecular imprintedpolymers have an average diameter less than 20 μm.
 51. The compositionaccording to claim 49 wherein the average ratio of binding between saidmolecular imprinted polymers and said target molecule is at least 1 massunit of target molecule to 10 mass units of molecular imprinted polymer.52. The composition according to claim 49, wherein said composition isprepared according to the method of claim
 29. 53. The compositionaccording to claim 49, wherein said composition is prepared according tothe method of claim
 42. 54. The composition according to claim 49,wherein the molecular imprinted polymers in the composition bindcholesterol, bile acid or bile acid salt.
 55. The composition accordingto claim 49 for use as a pharmaceutical.
 56. A method for preparing apharmaceutical for the treatment, prophylaxis or amelioration ofcardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, gallstonedisease, cholestatic liver disease, hypercholesterolemia, obesity,infections originating from parasites, virus or micro organisms such asbacteria and fungi, or poisoning originating from orally receivedtoxins, said method comprising combining insoluble molecular imprintedpolymers wherein substantially all molecular imprinted polymers in thecomposition bind the same target molecule and, optionally, thecomposition does not include all binding sites for the target moleculewith a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 57. The method accordingto claim 56, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises apharmaceutical excipient acceptable for oral administration.
 58. Amethod for treating, ameliorating or reducing the risk of a diseaseselected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease,hypertension, atherosclerosis, gallstone disease, cholestatic liverdisease, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, infectious disease caused by aparasite, a virus, a bacteria and a fungi, poisoning originating fromorally received toxins, said method comprising administering aneffective amount of a composition according to claim 49 to a subject inneed thereof.
 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein theeffective amount is at most 40 g per day.
 60. The method according toclaim 58, wherein the effective amount is administered orally.
 61. Amethod for the quantitative or qualitative determination of a targetmolecule in a sample, the method comprising contacting the sample with acomposition according to claim 49 or a composition prepared according toclaim 29, wherein molecular imprinted polymers in the compositionspecifically bind the target molecule, and subsequently performing aquantitative or qualitative assessment of target molecule binding saidcomposition.